ANCAMAN POLUSI UDARA JAKARTA TERHADAP KESEHATAN MANUSIA:DAMPAK PAPARAN PM2,5, OZON, DAN NOX TERHADAP PENYAKIT PERNAPASAN, KARDIOVASKULAR, SERTA KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK

Abstract

Air pollution in urban areas, particularly in Jakarta, has become a serious threat to human health due to the increasing concentration of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O₃), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The growth of motor vehicle use, industrial activities, urbanization, and the extensive consumption of fossil fuels are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of air quality in Jakarta. Both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants are known to affect various human organ systems and increase morbidity and mortality rates. Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly, and pregnant women, are the populations most at risk of experiencing adverse health effects caused by air pollution.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and human health outcomes, particularly respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and their impacts on maternal and child health in urban areas such as Jakarta.

This research employed a systematic literature review method by collecting and analyzing various international scientific journals, global health institution reports, and academic publications published within the last ten years. The literature was selected based on its relevance to the topic of air pollution and its impacts on human health. The data were analyzed descriptively to identify the relationship between types of pollutants and the resulting health disorders.

The results indicate that exposure to PM2.5 significantly increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute respiratory infections, and decreased lung function. Ozone exposure contributes to airway inflammation and worsens chronic respiratory disorders. Meanwhile, NO₂ exposure is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular disorders. Among pregnant women, exposure to air pollutants is linked to premature birth, low birth weight, and impaired fetal development.

Air pollution in Jakarta has extensive impacts on human health and requires stronger policy interventions through emission control, strengthened environmental regulations, the development of environmentally friendly transportation, and public education to reduce health risks caused by air pollution.